La palabra huaca o guaca o waka acoge diversos significados, es un vocablo de índole religiosa y predominante durante todo el incanato. De uso continuo para designar numerosos conceptos en lo tocante a lugares u objetos sagrados.
Después de la conquista y virreinato hasta nuestros días, la percepción y concepto se extendió hasta incluir como una huaca a las vetustas edificaciones indígenas. La interpretación moderna nos hace pensar que se ha tergiversado su verdadera expresión.
Es común entender que la huaca es el lugar donde entierran al indígena. Pero, el concepto es más amplio de lo que imaginamos. Tiene otras acepciones que en este post aclaramos.
Índice
1. Significado de Huaca
El Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (D.R.A.E.) considera como una huaca o guaca a los sepulcros indígenas (en Bolivia y Perú) donde se hallan objetos de valor: un tesoro escondido o enterrado; una vasija de barro cocido en cuyo interior depositaron joyas y objetos artísticos como ofrenda para los dioses.
El Diccionario de la Academia Mayor de Lengua Quechua o (A.M.L.Q) dice que waka en Arqueología es un santuario y necrópolis preincas situados en la costa y sierra del Perú. En Etnohistoria es un adoratorio, objeto sagrado inca. También es parte del espacio sagrado del Cusco donde los incas situaron más de 350 huacas.
El Vocabulario de la Lengva General de todo el Perv llamada Lengva Qquichua o del Inca de Diego Gonçález Holguín reconoce un extenso valor conceptual, registra como huacca a los:
“Ídolos, figurillas de hombres y animales que traían consigo. Lugar de ídolos, adoratorio. La plata, escondida debajo de la tierra. Tesoro. Carnero o cualquier bestia monstruosa, que tiene más, o menos miembros, o fealdad natural. Cuando tiene seis dedos en manos y pies como león. Paso peligroso o espantable”.
En el Perú nombran como huaca a los restos arqueológicos de las edificaciones pre hispánicas que forman parte del patrimonio histórico del Perú. Las arquitecturas se distribuyen por diversos distritos limeños. El Ministerio de Cultura creó el programa Lima, la ciudad de las huacas con el apoyo de UNESCO a fin de protegerlas y promover su preservación. Se trata de complejos arqueológicos de la cultura Ichma que han convertido a Lima en una ciudad con atractivo turístico.
2. Huaca según Garcilaso de la Vega
Haciendo gala de conocer el idioma quechua, Garcilaso describe de forma brillante el concepto múltiple de la voz huaca, cuenta que los incas no apreciaban a las huacas como deidades, tampoco las adoraban, solo les rendían veneración y respeto.
El pensamiento incaico designa como huaca a cualquier elemento u objeto de la naturaleza que por su forma, colorido o enormidad se presenta como una entidad superior que destaca al compararla con sus similares.
Las tumbas indígenas en los campos, también se consideraban huacas, algunos enterraban a sus deudos en los alrededores de la casa, incluso al interior. Cuenta Garcilaso de la Vega que los indígenas sentían una tribulación inmensa cuando los españoles profanaban sus tumbas a la búsqueda de oro y plata, les rogaban no desperdigar los huesos de sus antepasados porque estos debían estar juntos y completos para poder retornar a una nueva vida.
Es huaca a todo lo perteneciente a los históricos reinos de la naturaleza, en especial los animales, vegetales o minerales que por su belleza y perfección superaban a los de su especie, por ejemplo: una flor, una fruta, un árbol que destaca sobre los de su género.
Huaca quiere decir ídolo, también es cualquier objeto que por su relevancia se le considera como una cosa sagrada, la amplitud del concepto permite diversidad de sentidos que a continuación analizamos:
3. La paqarina ¿Es una huaca?
Las paqarinas (ver significado aqui) o lugares donde aparece el antepasado primigenio de una etnia o cultura indígena, eran valoradas como lugares sagrados. Los sitios de origen podían ser diversos, por ejemplo: peñas, ríos, manantiales, lagos, nevados, cerros, cordilleras, árboles, cuevas, etcétera. Un ejemplo de lugar de origen es la cueva Cápac T´tocco del cerro Tampu T´tocco, lugar por donde surgieron los hermanos Ayar (los incas). El sagrado y mítico Titicaca, fue la paqarina por donde se originó el dios Viracocha. El lago Choclococha, fue el lugar por donde apareció la etnia chanca.
Garcilaso dice:
“Que no se tiene por honrado el indio que no desciende de fuente, río o lago, aunque sea de la mar […]”. Ibid. (1985: 34).
Huaca es la ofrenda que el sacerdote inmola en sus festividades principales a Viracocha y el Sol, por ejemplo: las figurillas de hombres, aves, animales y otros fraguados en oro, plata o moldeados en cerámica o tallados en madera etcétera. El pensar incaico los considera objetos sagrados porque sus únicos dueños son los dioses.
4. El templo ¿Es una huaca?
En efecto, son huacas, podía ser un templo grande o pequeño, por ejemplo, el templo Coricancha o Recinto de Oro, estimada como la huaca principal. En el Cusco, Pachacútec construyó diversos templos: el Quishuarcancha en honor a Viracocha, el templo a la Killa o Luna, el templo a Illapa o el rayo, relámpago y trueno. Tiempo atrás, Viracocha Inca (padre de Pachacútec) edificó un hermoso templo en honor a Viracocha en Rakchi, antiguamente conocido como Cacha. Dice la narración mítica que el dios Viracocha erupcionó y apago el volcán Quimsachata de esa localidad.
Otro caso son los templos al Sol ubicados en: Pachacámac; en la isla del Sol en el lago Titicaca; en Tumibamba (Ecuador). Antes de que aparecieran los incas se erigió el templo Chavín de Huántar ubicado en la sierra central de Áncash. Todos los templos tienen por su naturaleza sagrada, la cualidad de ser huacas.
5. Saramama ¿Una huaca familiar?
En época incaica cada familia tenía su propia huaca protectora del maíz cosechado cuyo nombre fue Saramama. Según Valcárcel, L. (1964: T. 1, 61-62) el pensar incaico acepta la concepción religiosa de las madres de las cosas, por ejemplo: Saramama es la Madre del Maíz; Cocamama es la Madre de la Coca; la Madre Tierra es la Pachamama; la Cochamama es la Madre de los Manantiales. Todas son huacas.
Cuando los incas terminaban de cosechar el maíz de las chacras destinadas a los templos y huacas, seguidamente tocaba el turno al pueblo, entonces cada familia se dirigía a sus parcelas para cosechar el maíz.
Dice Murúa, F. M. (2001) que cada agricultor celebraba un culto a la Madre del Maíz, se oficiaba al término de la cosecha. Conforme recogían las mazorcas y poco antes de pelarlas y desgranarlas, buscaban, escogían y separaban la mejor; para la elección optaban por ciertos atributos como: tamaño, robustez, cantidad y calidad de grano. Obtenida retornaban a sus hogares donde confeccionaban una huaca con la mazorca elegida y la bautizaban como Saramama, apartaban una pequeña cantidad de granos para situarlos en un troje pequeño o pirua. Veneraban los granos, por provenir de la Madre del Maíz y por proteger el maíz sin pudrirse durante todo el año.
Previo al ritual consultaban con los sacerdotes la suerte del maíz, éstos le preguntaban a la mazorca:
“[…] si tenía fuerza y vigor para el año que viene, y si el maíz respondía que no le tenía, le llevaban a la mesma chácara, a quemarlo con la mayor solemnidad que cada uno podía”. (438 Ibid.).
Si ocurría lo anterior, repetían de nuevo la selección, hasta que la mazorca respondía que poseía dicha fuerza. La respuesta positiva originaba la algarabía de la familia y derivaba en festejos.
6. Huacas humanas y del mundo natural
En contraste a lo anterior, nombran como huaca a las cosas grotescas o anti estéticas o fieras, tal es el caso de las boas de la selva. El criterio alcanzaba a los animales y las aves, es el caso de los auquénidos que paren dos críos, los huevos de aves con dos yemas. En la costa o yunga antigua estiman a las ballenas por su colosal tamaño, la creían como la madre de los peces.
También incluían a los ríos caudalosos, a las piedras con extraños tallados naturales o con diversos colores. La cordillera de los Andes fue estimada como una huaca, también cuando un cerro se mostraba dominante sobre los otros, por ejemplo: el nevado Pariacaca ubicado en la serranía limeña de Huarochiri, el cerro Huanacauri (ver significado aquí) en el Cusco, ambas huacas fueron objeto de veneración y culto. El culto a Huanacauri ocurrió desde Manco Cápac, es decir, desde épocas primordiales y duró hasta la conquista y virreinato.
En caso de seres humanos, lo asumen como huaca por hechos anormales cuyo entendimiento no hallan explicación, como, por ejemplo: una mujer que alumbra mellizos, en algunos pueblos lo asociaban con la fertilidad y lo celebraban con fiestas y bebidas, con cantos y bailes, pero en otros lo consideraban como signo de mal agüero, lloraban compungidos esperando algún castigo por algún delito cometido. También son huacas, los niños nacidos con taras como: pies doblados, o con seis dedos, los jorobados o con defectos en la cara o en el cuerpo.
7. El oráculo ¿Es una huaca?
Huaca es el lugar donde el indígena consulta sus temores, solicita la aceptación de la ofrenda a sus dioses, pide por la buena marcha de sus festividades, busca la causa de alguna desdicha, indaga el triunfo o fracaso en la guerra, analiza la sucesión del trono, investiga la causa de alguna enfermedad o muerte, solicita paz, prosperidad para todo el pueblo y los augures del destino les dan sus respuestas en los oráculos.
Las consultas también las hacían los incas, los testimonios de los cronistas son elocuentes. José de la Riva Agüero refiere que:
“La fundación de la ciudad del Cusco fue un suceso muy memorable, rodeado de ritos y ceremonias religiosas consultando a los agüeros y mirando las estrellas…”. (Citado en Busto, J.A. 1981:26).
Según Guamán Poma, P. (2011: 52), Mama Ocllo era oficiante de ritos escabrosos, solía conversar con piedras, peñas, maderos, cerros, lagunas y éstas respondían sus consultas, además la soberana creó el culto a las huacas y willkas esta última voz en quechua significa sagrado, en aimara refiere al Sol.
Después de diversas conquistas por la costa norteña del antiguo Perú, Túpac Inca Yupanqui decidió retornar al Cuzco, pero antes enrumbó con dirección al oráculo de Pachacámac para consultar su futuro. Los augurios para su gobierno y sus conquistas fueron favorables.
Las premoniciones y consultas de Huayna Cápac son evidentes, se enteró de la caída del Tawantinsuyo con anterioridad. Poco antes de morir nombró como posibles herederos del reino a dos de sus hijos: Ninan Cuyochi y Huáscar, previo solicitó consultar al oráculo mediante la calpa o lectura del corazón y pulmones de un auquénido. La respuesta fue negativa para ambos hermanos.
8. La huaca en los conflictos bélicos
Otra forma de huaca se presenta en la guerra entre dos bandos, cada uno solía llevar sus huacas como ídolo protector. Cuando los incas iban a guerrear cargaban con una momia de sus reyes como huaca protectora para asegurar el triunfo.
Los incas tenían por costumbre apoderarse de las huacas del pueblo conquistado, las remitían al Cusco y colocaban en un lugar destinado para su culto, a la muerte del rey las huacas eran incluidas como parte del ajuar mortuorio.
Cuando Pachacútec derrotó a la etnia chanca, previo capturó a sus dos huacas: Mucho tiempo después el licenciado Polo de Ondegardo descubrió varias momias incas, entre ellas halló la de Pachacútec, el ajuar mortuorio incluía las huacas de los chancas.
Huáscar realizó consultas antes de iniciar la guerra contra su hermano Atahuallpa, a la vez Atahuallpa hizo lo mismo. En ambos casos los augurios fueron nefastos.
9. El ceque incaico ¿Es una huaca?
El ceque no es una huaca, es una voz que significa raya, hilera, línea. Del templo Coricancha tomado como centro, se originaban unas líneas imaginarias o ceques (líneas) que iban en dirección a las cuatro regiones del Tawantinsuyo. Las huacas se hallaban repartidas en cada línea una tras otra, como indica Rostworowski, M. (2014: 141) cada huaca se enlazaba al ceque como el nudo de un quipu. Ceques y huacas formarían un inmenso quipo alrededor del templo Coricancha. Cada ceque era mantenido por una dinastía real, cuyo encargo era asegurar su mantenimiento.
La disposición por cada región era así:
1) Camino al Chinchaysuyo se originaban nueve líneas o ceques con ochenta y cinco huacas.
2) Hacia el Antisuyo se generaban nueve ceques con setenta y ocho huacas.
3) Rumbo al Collasuyo asomaban nueve ceques con ochenta y cinco huacas.
4) Con dirección al Contisuyo había catorce ceques con ochenta huacas.
Entre todos suman 41 ceques y 328 huacas, faltaría añadir el templo Coricancha y cuatro huacas adicionales no incluidas en los ceques, con lo cual sumarían 333 huacas. Tenían un radio de acción comprendido dentro de cuatro leguas de los alrededores del Cusco. Las numerosas huacas alrededor del Cusco le conferían un carácter de capital sagrada.
El primer informante de la existencia de ceques en el Cusco fue Polo de Ondegardo (1571). Después Bernabé Cobo (1653) los detalla y describe, contenido que hallamos en Valcárcel, L.E. (1964: 435-468).
Queda pendiente el estudio del significado de cada huaca, es una investigación que involucra los nombres quechuas y aimaras de cada una de ellas, labor que, tal como lo dice Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino en La onomástica de los ceques: cuestiones etimológicas, es una tarea muy ardua y especializada.
10. Conclusiones
1) La diversidad de conceptos y características asociadas a la huaca permiten comprender cuan extenso fue el pensamiento religioso de los incas.
2) Las huacas no representan a los dioses, por lo tanto, no les corresponde adoración, pero sí veneración y respeto.
3) La proliferación de huacas tanto locales como de las naciones conquistadas revela una tolerancia religiosa de los incas a cultos distintos a su religión.
4) La construcción de diversos templos al Sol en lugares importantes y alejados del Cusco demuestra la expansión religiosa de los incas.
5) Diversas expresiones culturales, como actos políticos, sociales, militares, agrícolas, lugares de origen del antepasado primigenio y otros están íntimamente ligados al concepto de huaca.
6) Los incas tenían gran fe en sus agoreros, confiaban sus consultas a los oráculos que consideraban como huacas.
7) Las ofrendas a los dioses eran consideradas objetos sagrados cuyo único propietario era el dios ofrendado.
8) Los ceques alrededor del Cusco le dan el carácter y calidad de ciudad sagrada, demuestra el espíritu religioso de los incas.
11. Referencias
Busto, J. A. (1981). Perú incaico. 3ra. ed. Librería Studium, Ed. Lima, Perú.
Cobo, B. (1964 [1653]). Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Obtenido de: https:// es. scribd.com/doc/50568547/COBO-Bernabe-1653-1964-Historia-del-Nuevo-Mundo#scribd.
Cerrón R (2005: 285-303). La onomástica de los ceques: cuestiones etimológicas. Lexis Revista de Lingüística y Literatura. Vol. 29, N.° 2 (2005). Obtenido de: file:///D:/Backup% 20c/Downloads/8392-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-33088-1-10-20140220%20(1). pdf.
Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (D. R.A.E.)
D.A.M.L.Q. (2005). Diccionario Quechua-Español-Quechua. Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua. (2da. ed.) Cusco Perú. Obtenido de:http://lengamer.org/admin/languag e_folders/quechuadecusco/user_uploaded_files/links/File/AML Quechua-Dic.pdf.
Garcilaso de la Vega, I. (1985). Comentarios reales de los incas. Lima, Perú: Fondo Editorial Banco de Crédito del Perú.
González Holguin, D. (1608). Vocavulario de la lengva general de todo el Perv llamada lengva qquichua o del Inca. Obtenido de: http://www.letras.ufmg.br/padrao_ cms/ documentos/profs/romulo/VocabvlarioQqichuaDeHolguin1607.pdf.
Guamán Poma, de. A. (2011). Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno (1ra. ed.). Lima, Perú: Ebisa Ediciones.
Rostworowski, M. (2014). Estructuras Andinas del Poder – Ideología Religiosa y Política. Lima, Perú: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Murúa, F. M. (2001). Historia general del Perú (2da. ed.). España: Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois.
Ondegardo, P. de. (1571). ONDEGARDO danos de no guaradar a los indios sus fueros.
Valcárcel, L. (1964). Historia del Antiguo Perú (Vol. 3 volúmenes). Lima, Perú: Juan Mejía Baca.
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pain and promoting faster recovery from intense training sessions.
On the bulking cycle, Dianabol, Anadrol, and Testosterone will support muscle mass progress and urge for food growth.
Throughout the cut cycle, Winstrol and Anavar preserve
lean tissue and optimize fats loss. On the strength gaining cycle, the athletes primarily apply oral steroids like Anadrol, Dianabol,
and Trenbolone to optimize gains and/or restoration.
Steroid Publish Cycle Remedy (PCT) For Newbie CyclesCommon PCT medication are Nolvadex and Clomid, which would be run for 4-6 weeks.
PCThelps maintain gains with minimum side effects and permits the restoration of hormonalbalance.
The period of a mixed Anavar cycle follows the usual
timeline, staying inside the vary of six to
eight weeks. After all, a well-structured cycle is all about
balance – lengthy enough to produce spectacular results, however not so extended that it puts undue stress on the body.
Yes, beginners can use stacks like Dianabol, Deca Durabolin, and Testosterone, however starting
with a single steroid is commonly recommended to assess tolerance.
Correct diet, resistance coaching, and cardiovascular exercises,
along with enough restoration, can improve the effectiveness of chopping steroids and assist long-term health and health goals.
A slicing food plan ought to give attention to creating a
calorie deficit while nonetheless offering the nutrients wanted to
help muscle preservation, hormonal perform, and efficiency.
Don’t overlook to stay hydrated with water and electrolytes
to take care of cellular health and efficiency. Avoid highly
processed meals, sugary snacks, and extra alcohol as they’ll impair fats
metabolism and stall progress. Every of these prime 5 cutting steroids brings distinctive
strengths to the desk. Whether Or Not you are making
ready for a present or looking to obtain peak physique, understanding the mechanisms, advantages, and risks of every steroid can help you design a
more practical and safer cutting cycle.
Relying in your bodybuilding stage, whether you’re starting, sustaining, or mastering, the usage and cycle of Anavar will differ.
It’s vital to grasp its specifics to make sure you’re
not only getting the specified outcomes, however you’re also keeping
your well being in check. Dianabol, also called Methandrostenolone or Dbol, is considered one of the most popular oral anabolic steroids famend for its ability to
ship fast muscle features. A great option for a first steroid
cycle, Dianabol is often stacked with other
steroids.
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Some bodybuilders aren’t overly nervous about this aspect impact, considering the liver typically repairs itself post-cycle and has powerful self-healing properties.
However, this isn’t to say injectable steroids cannot spike blood strain to excessive ranges, because
they will, particularly if the compound is highly effective enough (such as trenbolone).
There are, nonetheless, exceptions to this rule, with injectable steroids corresponding to testosterone suspension having a detection time of just
1-2 days. Omega-3 fatty acids assist liver membrane integrity, reduce oxidative load, and help with hormonal regulation throughout post-cycle restoration.
IRMS testing is used when testosterone levels seem elevated or when distinguishing between endogenous (natural) and artificial hormones like boldenone,
testosterone, or nandrolone.
To keep away from being broken into the liver, oral steroids had been modified to inhibit the liver’s excretory operate.
Some analysis means that repeat cortisone pictures can worsen arthritis.
Earlier Than present process the process, an individual ought to talk with a doctor in regards to the relative
dangers and benefits and any out there different remedies.
A cortisone shot lasts so long as the cells within the joint lining proceed to work together with the injectable steroid.
The anti-inflammatory results of a cortisone
shot sometimes take impact within 1 to 2 days.
Nonetheless, the anesthetic injection a person receives simultaneously the
cortisone shot usually begins to alleviate joint ache immediately.
To stop that from taking place, medical doctors advocate completely rinsing your
mouth and throat after inhaling. In rare cases,
steroid sprays can even trigger an allergic reaction with redness and itching in the
mouth and on the face. The time period «steroids» is usually used to explain medications belonging to a
group of medication generally identified as glucocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids are hormones that happen naturally within the body,
but they may also be made artificially and then used as medicine.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been applied to the clinical treatment of liver failure for many years.
The first paper on GCs remedy for liver failure was printed
in the 1960s.
Although less widespread, it’s used in WADA investigations, legal disputes, and office
drug testing in high-security sectors. Urinalysis is the most common form of steroid testing, particularly in athletics, navy, and employment settings.
Labs usually search for metabolites, not the steroid itself, which means
detection windows are sometimes far longer than the half-life.
Whether Or Not you are timing a cruise, prepping for off-season bloodwork, or guaranteeing you are clean forward of testing, this text is designed to offer you a transparent, scientific, and practical detection-risk roadmap.
It’s a worrying time for many people and we want to be there for you each time – and wherever
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You will get a numbing lotion or spray on that spot and then the physician will insert
the needle. Depending on where you might be getting the injection, your doctor may have to use an ultrasound or special X-ray referred to as a fluoroscopy to see precisely the place to
put the needle. If you could have severe pimples and no remedies
have helped, your dermatologist would possibly suggest cortisone photographs to the affected areas.
This isn’t a first-line therapy though and is not really helpful for long-term use.
There are two kinds of GCR, inherited or familial GCR and bought GCR (63).
It is accepted that a pro-inflammatory setting can negatively affect GR sensitivity (64, 65).
The mechanisms contributing to lowered GC responsiveness are
heterogeneous as they contain various cytokines and cell types.
Injection right into a joint or one other specific part of the body is called local treatment, because it only affects that
part of the physique. Remedies taken through IV or
orally are referred to as systemic therapies as a result of they have an effect on your complete body.
Testosterone injections have also been linked to a condition called
pulmonary oil microembolism (POME), or a blood clot in the lung that might be deadly.
Search medical help instantly for signs together with chest pain, dizziness, bother respiration, urge to cough, throat
tightening and fainting.
Albeit the mechanism by which this malignant alteration occurs stays to be elucidated, and the
risk stays a severe concern. It is therefore important to
report three cases of men growing hepatic and biliary malignancies in the setting of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use or testosterone supplementation, arising from a single heart.
We review the literature for the mechanisms behind the potential androgen-mediated malignant transformation of those tumors.
A 24 12 months old body builder developed pruritus and jaundice having taken numerous anabolic steroids for one and a half years.
He was also taking a number of natural merchandise and dietary dietary supplements
including Ma Huang (6% ephedrine), carnitine and chromium.
He additionally drank alcohol, estimating his common consumption as one case of beer per day for the last yr.
Bursae (the plural of bursa) are fluid-filled sacs that present cushioning and cut back friction between tendons,
ligaments, bones, and skin. Steroid injections, delivered to the realm surrounding the affected bursa,
each ease ache and cut back inflammation. If you’re getting
an IV steroid Transformations (gazetablic.com) injection, the injection web site probably shall be a vein in your arm.
That will enable the steroid treatment to move by way of your bloodstream to the parts of your physique affected by
inflammation . Injectable steroids might produce unwanted facet effects; their severity largely depends on the place and when injections happen, dosage amount and size of use.
Facet results can embrace feeling of weakness within the
space the place the injection was made in addition to making
pores and skin permanently lighter across the
injection web site. Medical Doctors ask individuals about their drug usage,
together with prescription, over-the-counter medications
and natural products.
In sinusitis, the spray helps to make it easier to breathe through the nose.
Aspect effects might include dry membranes lining the nose, in addition to nosebleeds.
Applying a non-steroid ointment to the lining of the
nose can relieve the symptoms brought on by dryness. Everybody responds in a special way to drugs, together with cortisone photographs.
It can take as much as per week before you’re feeling the
ache go away, and the impact can last as lengthy as a quantity of months earlier
than it wears off. It’s important to know a cortisone shot doesn’t show
results immediately. Additionally, it’s typically a short lived resolution, as it doesn’t deal with the foundation reason for the injury or
situation, which implies the ache can return.
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